Techniques for Collating Multiple Text Versions in the Digitization of Classical Texts:

Chart IV

Taishō abbre-viation	CBETA abbre-viation	Explanation
	【原】	The MS. or book on which the printed text is based.
	【甲】	The first text collated.
	【乙】	The second text collated.
	【丙】	The third text collated.
n/a	【丁】	T18, T20, T21, T43, T47, T51, T85
n/a	【戊】	T43, T47, T51
n/a	【己】	T43, T47, T51
イ		A various reading given in a note of the original text or the text collated. cbeta editorial note: The base text or one of the collation texts contains annotations that other versions contain a variant reading. Examples: (a)止＝正イ【原】 (i.e. In the original text (MS. or book) it is noted that a text reads 正 for 止) (b)〔止〕イ－【甲】 (i.e. In the first text collated it is noted that 止 is wanting in a text)
カ		A correction given in a note of the original text or the text collated. cbeta editorial note: The base text or one of the collation texts contain an annotation which provides an emendation. Examples: (a)捐＝損カ【原】 (i.e. In the original text (MS. or book) it is noted that 捐 may be a mistake for 損) (b)如＋（是）カ【乙】 (i.e. In the second text collated it is noted that 是 is to be read under 如)
？		Example: 朋＝明？ (i. e. An editiorial note: －明 to be read for 朋？)

4.3.1 【內】

Citation #1: T51, no. 2092《洛陽伽藍記》

cbeta editorial comment: In this text, the source referred to by the abbreviation is unknown. It is possible that 內 is a misrepresentation of 丙.

Citation #2: T48, no. 2003《佛果圜悟禪師碧巖錄》

cbeta editorial comment: In this case, 【內】 may refer to Japan's Naikaku Bunko 內閣文庫. Their catalog, found at the National Archives of Japan 日本國立公文書館, lists a text with the above title as belonging to the Naikaku Bunko collection (item no. 310-0060). It is also possible that 內 is a misrepresentation of 丙.

4.3.2 【別】

Citation: T13, no. 397《大方等大集經》

cbeta editorial comment: On page 251 of the Taishō shinshū daizōkyō kandō mokuroku 大正新脩大藏經勘同目錄 (found in the first volume of the Shōwa hōbō sō mokuroku 昭和法寶總目錄, and hereafter referred to as the Kandō mokuroku), the Da fengdeng daji jing 大方等大集經 entry (no. 397) states that the comparison texts used include the alternate edition of the Koryŏ, and the copy two

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of the Shōgozō edition. The abbreviation 【別】 may refer to one or both of those texts. If this is the case, then 【麗乙】 or 【聖乙】 would be the correct abbreviations, because 【麗別】, 【聖別】, and 【別】 do not conform to the Taishō's own guidelines. This abbreviation only occurs in the Da fangdeng daji jing (no. 397) in two instances, although additional references are made to 【麗乙】 and 【聖乙】.

In a search for annotations containing the item “〔河〕－【別】,” i.e. for versions lacking the character 河, there were four results, occurring in the 【三】, 【宮】, 【知】, 【麗乙】, and 【別】 editions. That which is noteworthy is on page 199, note 17: 〔河〕－【麗乙】. There are nine instances of annotations relating to “〔如〕－【別】,” i.e., editions without the character 如. Respectively, they appear in 【三】, 【宮】, 【聖】, and 【別】 editions. Annotation no. 2 on page 185 (“〔如〕－【聖】") is also noteworthy. The editions which are without the character 河 and the editions which are without the character 如 are 【聖】, 【聖乙】, or 【麗】, 【麗乙】. There was no mutual confusion between them. In other words, those editions which did not have the character 河 did not include 【聖】 or 【聖乙】; those editions without the character 如 also did not include 【麗】 or 【麗乙】. Therefore, a reasonable inference would be that in Taishō no. 397, the two instances of the abbreviation 【別】 can be understood in the following manner: in note 14, page 185 (“〔河〕－【別】") 【別】 may be referring to 【麗乙】, or 【麗別】; in note 19, page 192 (“〔如〕－【別】"), 【別】 may be referring to 【聖乙】, or 【聖別】. However, neither of the two instances (【麗別】 and 【聖別】) adheres to the Taishō's own stylistic guidelines.

4.3.3 【南】

Citation: T03, no. 174《佛說菩薩睒子經》

cbeta editorial comment: On page 192 of the Kandō mokuroku, the Foshuo pusa shanzi jing 佛說菩薩睒子經 entry (no. 174) does not have a listing that would correspond with【南】. However, the Daming sanzang shengjiao nanzang mulu 大明三藏聖教南藏目錄, (found in vol. 2 of the Shōwa hōbō sō mokuroku 昭和法寶總目錄) lists two versions of this sūtra: nos. 211 and 213 on page 334 (菩薩

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睒子經 and 佛說睒子經 respectively). Therefore, this instance of 【南】 may be a reference to the Daming sanzang shengjiao nanzang (also known as Ming nanzang 明南藏).

4.3.4【宮乙】

Citation: T14, No. 440《佛名經》

cbeta editorial comment: On page 259 of the Kandō mokuroku, the entry for the Foshuo Foming jing 佛說佛名經 (no. 440) lists the following versions: 宮 and 宮別. Although the Taishō chart includes only the 【宮】 abbreviation, we can deduce, based on other examples, that 【宮乙】 refers to the 宮別 edition mentioned above.

4.3.5【敦方】

Citation: T9, no. 262《妙法蓮華經》

cbeta editorial comment: The referent of the abbreviation 【敦方】 is unknown. It is not explained in the Taishō chart, and the three editions relating to Dunhuang include only 【敦】, 【敦乙】, and 【敦丙】. The Dunhuang catalog 燉煌本古逸經論章疏(并)古寫經目錄 (in vol. 1 of the Shōwa hōbō sō mokuroku 昭和法寶總目錄) contains an entry regarding the catalog of Dunhuang texts held in the British Museum in London or the French National library 大英博物館并佛蘭西國民圖書館等所藏燉煌本古逸經論章疏目錄. Note 1 of this entry, on page 1055, does not list an edition that might be judged as 【敦方】, despite its list of other Dunhuang editions: 英, 佛, 京, 大, 谷, 龍, 中, 山, 西, 三, 田, 江, 村, and 未. Therefore we have preserved the 【敦方】 abbreviation wherever it appears, but can offer no explanation for it. This issue awaits the analysis of an expert.[3]

4.3.6 【敦內】

Citation: T9, No. 262《妙法蓮華經》

cbeta editorial comment: The Shōwa hōbō sō mokuroku 昭和法寶總目錄 does not explain this abbreviation. However, the scanned image of the original calligraphy indicates that 【敦內】 is a misreading of 【敦丙】. Therefore cbeta has corrected all instances to 【敦丙】.

4.3.7【聖丙】

Citation #1: T25, No. 1509《大智度論》

cbeta editorial comment: In the entry for the Da zhidu lun 大智度論 in the Kandō mokuroku, there are three items listed under “聖”: the Sui 隋, Tang 唐, and Tempyō manuscripts 天平勝寶經 of the Shōgozō collection. In the Taishō abbreviation chart, only two editions are listed:【聖】and【聖乙】. As mentioned above, the abbreviation【聖】is used to represent the Shōsō-in Shōgozō 正倉院聖語藏 edition, which is the Tempyō manuscripts. The 天平勝寶經, listed in the Kandō mokuroku, also comprise part of the Tempyō manuscripts. The abbreviation【聖乙】is listed as referring to the copy two of the Shōsō-in shōgozō 正倉院聖語藏本別寫. From the Kandō mokuroku, we know that the Shōgō-in manuscripts 正倉院聖語藏 includes three collections: Sui edition, Tang edition, and the Tempyō mss. 天平勝寶經. Thus it is possible that copy two of the Shōsō-in 正倉院聖語藏本別寫 edition may be either the Sui or the Tang edition found in the original Shōgozō edition. Based on the order of appearance in the Taishō's abbreviation index, which is chronologically arranged, copy two of the Shōsō-in Shōgozō 正倉院聖語藏本別寫 manuscripts, represented by the abbreviation【聖乙】, may be the Sui edition. Thus, a third copy of the Shōsō-in manuscripts could well be the Tang edition, which would be represented by the abbreviation【聖丙】. (The entry on page 410 of the Kandō mokuroku is as follows: “No. 1522《十地經論》(中略)[04]〔原〕麗本〔校〕宋本、元本、明本、宮本、(1)聖本(2)知恩院本(中略)[07](1)聖語藏隋經第三號．卷第一、卷第八甲、卷第八乙、第四號．卷第一、卷七、第九、計六卷、隋時代寫天平經第二號．卷第一、天平初寫(2)知恩院藏本卷第三唐支[日*午]寫”──From this entry one can surmise that the abbreviation【聖乙】refes

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to the Sui canon that was part of the Shōgozō collection. ) A decisive answer to the question of whether【聖丙】refers to the Shōgozō Tang edition of the Da zhidu lun (T25, no. 1509), however, awaits the evaluation of a specialist.

Citation #2: T26, no. 1522《十地經論》

cbeta editorial comment: In the entry for the 十地經論 Shi di jing lun (no. 1522) in the Kandō mokuroku on page 410, two Shōgozō editions are listed: 【聖】 and 【聖乙】 (please refer to the above citation). In a search in the Shōgozō catalog 正倉院御物聖語藏一切經目錄 for the Shi di jing lun, there were the following results: it appears under the section entitled “primary manuscripts” 第一類寫經之部 on page 946 as part of the Sui canon 隋經, page 948 as part of the Tempyō manuscripts 天平經, and page 963 as part of the Mei manuscripts 名寫. (This can be compared with an entry on page 476 of the Kandō mokuroku: “No.1851大乘義章(中略)[04]〔原〕(1)大谷大學本〔校〕(2)聖本、(3)村上本(中略)[07](1)延寶二年刊(2)聖語藏名寫經第五號卷第九、第十三、第十四、仁平四年寫(3)村上專精藏延寶二年刊)，校勘條目僅略符【聖】這一項，推定「名寫」也屬於「天平寫經.”」 But with only the two Shōgozō editions cited, we are left without evidence that the third (【聖丙】) is the Tang edition. Under the abovementioned section of “primary manuscripts” in the Shōgozō catalog, the entry for the Tang canon does not have listings that correspond to the Shi di jing十地經. However, in fascicle two, this catalog contains a category entitled “secondary manuscripts” 第二類(雜經)寫經之部, containing entry no. 102 on page 970 “十地論五卷,” and entry no. 103 “十地經八卷,” as well as other related texts. Nos. 102 and 103 appear between no. 99 “大唐內典錄十二卷” and no. 126 “貞元新定釋教目錄二十卷”; it is possible that, based on the order of appearance, nos. 102 and 103, may also belong to the so-called Tang canon segment of the Shōgozō catalog正倉院御物聖語藏一切經目錄. This would be the source for the abbreviation【聖丙】used in the Shi di jing lun十地經論 (T26 no. 1522). However, a definitive answer awaits the analysis of a specialist.

4.3.8 【西】

Citation: T24, no. 1496《佛說正恭敬經》

cbeta editorial comment: This abbreviation is not included in the Taishō charts. The Kandō mokuroku on page 405, lower register, records that the comparison texts are “Song, Yuan, Ming, Old Song, and Xifu si editions西福寺.” Thus it is very likely that the abbreviation【西】ought to be replaced with【福】.

5.1.2 Inline annotations

Image 3 on the right contains an example of half-size annotation, from the Chang ahan jing 長阿含經 (T1 no. 1 p. 117a13), which reads, "故名阿耨達 [03]（阿耨達秦言無惱熱）" We use the <note place="inline"> tag to indicate half-size annotation:

故名阿耨達<note place="inline">阿耨達秦言無惱熱</note>

The annotation text at the bottom of the page is as follows:

[03]宋作本文。明無夾註。

Thus the half-size text appears in the Song edition, but not in the Ming. Currently xml is used in the following manner to include text critical information:

故名阿耨達

<app n="0117003">

<lem><note place="inline">阿耨達秦言無惱熱</note></lem>

<rdg wit="【宋】">阿耨達秦言無惱熱</rdg>

<rdg wit="【明】">&lac;</rdg>

</app>

We notice that the code used to contain the Song edition information is <rdg wit="【宋】">. Although the text is the same, it is not enclosed in the <lem> tag using <note place="inline">...</note>. This indicates that the Song edition uses the current style for display. The html generated by this xml is as follows:

故名阿耨達

<span wit="【大】"><span class="note">阿耨達秦言無惱熱</span></span>

<span wit="【宋】">阿耨達秦言無惱熱</span>

<span wit="【明】"></span>

Therefore, although the two versions use different words, we can use style sheets to cause annotations to have varying display formats. Thus the body text can be displayed differently, as can the annotation text.

5.1.3 Annotations within annotations

A more complex example is found in the image 4 to the right (T18, No. 848, p. 1a06), which reads, “[02] 大唐 [03] 天竺三藏 [04] 善無畏共沙門一行譯.”

The annotations at the bottom of the page are as follows:

[02] 〔大〕－【明】，〔大唐…譯〕－【甲】

[03] （中）＋天【三】【宮】

[04] 善無畏＝輸波迦羅【三】【宮】

This segment of text contains three annotations, and four groups of annotation information, of which three groups are associated with a portion of the segment, and the fourth relates to the entire segment:

[02] 〔大〕－【明】 The Ming edition does not contain the character “大.”

[02] 〔大唐…譯〕－【甲】 The entire segment is not found in the first comparison text.

[03] （中）＋天【三】【宮】 The Song, Yuan, Ming, and Old Song editions include “中” before “天.”

[04] 善無畏＝輸波迦羅【三】【宮】 In the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Old Song editions, “善無畏” is read as “輸波迦羅.”

For this, xml nested structure is used (<!-- --> is used for comments):

<app n="0001002"><!-- 最外層這組 app 記錄整段文字的校勘資訊 -->

<lem>

<!-- 內層包含三組校勘資訊 -->

<app><!-- 第一組app 記錄明本沒有「大」字-->

<lem>大</lem>

<rdg wit="【明】">&lac;</rdg>

</app>唐

<app n="0001003"><!-- 第二組app記錄三本及宮本多了「中」字 -->

<lem>天</lem>

<rdg wit="【宋】【元】【明】【宮】">中天</rdg>

</app>竺三藏

<app n="0001004"><!-- 第三組app記錄三本及宮本作「輸波迦羅」 -->

<lem>善無畏</lem>

<rdg wit="【宋】【元】【明】【宮】">輸波迦羅</rdg>

</app>共沙門一行譯

</lem>

<rdg wit="【甲】" resp="Taisho">&lac;</rdg><!-- 甲本整段沒有-->

</rdg>

</app>

Likewise, html can output nested code using the <span> tag:

[2]

<span wit="【大】【宋】【元】【明】【宮】">

<span wit="【大】【宋】【元】【宮】">大</span>

<span wit="【明】">&lac;</span>

唐[3]

<span wit="【大】">天<span>

<span wit="【宋】【元】【明】【宮】">中天<span>

竺三藏[4]

<span wit="【大】">善無畏</span>

<span wit="【宋】【元】【明】【宮】">輸波迦羅</span>

共沙門一行譯

</span>

<span wit="【甲】">&lac;</span>

In this type of complex nested structure, the visibility of <span> can be used to control which textual version is shown.